The New Covenant

Identifies: His PURPOSE

How the OT anticipates that the Mosaic covenant would be superseded by something greater. This chain is theologically radical: the OT itself declares that its own sacrificial system is preparatory, not final. Its own psalmists write 'You do not delight in burnt offering, ' its own prophets promise 'a new covenant, not like the old, ' and its own priests point to a day when an open fountain replaces annual ritual.

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~1400 BC

The blood atonement

Life of the flesh is in the blood; blood makes atonement

For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you to make atonement for your souls upon the altar; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul.

Leviticus 17:11 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Matthew 26:28

This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.

Hebrews 9:22

According to the law, in fact, nearly everything must be purified with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness.

1 John 1:7

But if we walk in the light as He is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus His Son cleanses us from all sin.

The principle of blood atonement established in Leviticus pointed forward to a final sacrifice that would supersede the annual rituals.

~1400 BC

The scapegoat

Typological

Sins placed on a substitute sent away

Then he is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the iniquities and rebellious acts of the Israelites in regard to all their sins. He is to put them on the goat’s head and send it away into the wilderness by the hand of a man appointed for the task. The goat will carry on itself all their iniquities into a solitary place, and the man will release it into the wilderness.

Leviticus 16:20-22 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

2 Corinthians 5:21

God made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, so that in Him we might become the righteousness of God.

1 Peter 2:24

He Himself bore our sins in His body on the tree, so that we might die to sin and live to righteousness. “By His stripes you are healed.”

The scapegoat bearing sins away pointed to the Servant who would be pierced for our transgressions, not merely carrying sins symbolically, but atoning for them.

~1400 BC

The Day of Atonement

Typological

The high priest enters the Holy of Holies with blood once a year

because on this day atonement will be made for you to cleanse you, and you will be clean from all your sins before the LORD.

Leviticus 16 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Hebrews 9:7-14

But only the high priest entered the second room, and then only once a year, and never without blood, which he offered for himself and for the sins the people had committed in ignorance.

By this arrangement the Holy Spirit was showing that the way into the Most Holy Place had not yet been disclosed as long as the first tabernacle was still standing. It is an illustration for the present time, because the gifts and sacrifices being offered were unable to cleanse the conscience of the worshiper. They consist only in food and drink and special washings—external regulations imposed until the time of reform.

But when Christ came as high priest of the good things that have come, He went through the greater and more perfect tabernacle that is not made by hands and is not a part of this creation. He did not enter by the blood of goats and calves, but He entered the Most Holy Place once for all by His own blood, thus securing eternal redemption.

For if the blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a heifer sprinkled on those who are ceremonially unclean sanctify them so that their bodies are clean, how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself unblemished to God, purify our consciences from works of death, so that we may serve the living God!

Hebrews 9:24-28

For Christ did not enter a man-made copy of the true sanctuary, but He entered heaven itself, now to appear on our behalf in the presence of God.

Nor did He enter heaven to offer Himself again and again, as the high priest enters the Most Holy Place every year with blood that is not his own. Otherwise, Christ would have had to suffer repeatedly since the foundation of the world. But now He has appeared once for all at the end of the ages to do away with sin by the sacrifice of Himself.

Just as man is appointed to die once, and after that to face judgment, so also Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many; and He will appear a second time, not to bear sin, but to bring salvation to those who eagerly await Him.

Hebrews 10:1-14

For the law is only a shadow of the good things to come, not the realities themselves. It can never, by the same sacrifices offered year after year, make perfect those who draw near to worship. If it could, would not the offerings have ceased? For the worshipers would have been cleansed once for all, and would no longer have felt the guilt of their sins.

Instead, those sacrifices are an annual reminder of sins, because it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins. Therefore, when Christ came into the world, He said: “Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, but a body You prepared for Me. In burnt offerings and sin offerings You took no delight. Then I said, ‘Here I am, it is written about Me in the scroll: I have come to do Your will, O God.’”

In the passage above He says, “Sacrifices and offerings, burnt offerings and sin offerings You did not desire, nor did You delight in them” (although they are offered according to the law). Then He adds, “Here I am, I have come to do Your will.” He takes away the first to establish the second. And by that will, we have been sanctified through the sacrifice of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.

Day after day every priest stands to minister and to offer again and again the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. But when this Priest had offered for all time one sacrifice for sins, He sat down at the right hand of God. Since that time, He waits for His enemies to be made a footstool for His feet, because by a single offering He has made perfect for all time those who are being sanctified.

The annual Day of Atonement required a high priest to enter God's presence with blood, a shadow of the final, once-for-all sacrifice.

400+ years later
~1000 BC

A priest forever after Melchizedek

God swore and will not change His mind, an eternal priesthood

The LORD has sworn and will not change His mind: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”

Psalm 110:4 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Hebrews 5:5-10

So also Christ did not take upon Himself the glory of becoming a high priest, but He was called by the One who said to Him: “You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.”

And in another passage God says: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”

During the days of Jesus’ earthly life, He offered up prayers and petitions with loud cries and tears to the One who could save Him from death, and He was heard because of His reverence. Although He was a Son, He learned obedience from what He suffered. And having been made perfect, He became the source of eternal salvation to all who obey Him and was designated by God as high priest in the order of Melchizedek.

Hebrews 6:20

where Jesus our forerunner has entered on our behalf. He has become a high priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.

Hebrews 7:15-17

And this point is even more clear if another priest like Melchizedek appears, one who has become a priest not by a law of succession, but by the power of an indestructible life. For it is testified: “You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”

The eternal priesthood established by divine oath would mediate a new covenant, replacing the old system with something permanent.

200+ years later
~800 BC

The Spirit poured out

God will pour out His Spirit on all flesh

And afterward, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions. Even on My menservants and maidservants, I will pour out My Spirit in those days. I will show wonders in the heavens and on the earth, blood and fire and columns of smoke. The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and awesome Day of the LORD. And everyone who calls on the name of the LORD will be saved; for on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there will be deliverance, as the LORD has promised, among the remnant called by the LORD.

Joel 2:28-32 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Acts 2:16-21

No, this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel:

‘In the last days, God says, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams. Even on My menservants and maidservants I will pour out My Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy. I will show wonders in the heavens above and signs on the earth below, blood and fire and billows of smoke. The sun will be turned to darkness, and the moon to blood, before the coming of the great and glorious Day of the Lord. And everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.’

The pouring out of the Spirit would be the hallmark of the new covenant, hearts transformed from within, replacing external law.

100+ years later
~700 BC

Made an offering for sin

His soul an offering for sin

Yet it was the LORD’s will to crush Him and to cause Him to suffer; and when His soul is made a guilt offering, He will see His offspring, He will prolong His days, and the good pleasure of the LORD will prosper in His hand.

Isaiah 53:10 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Romans 3:25

God presented Him as the atoning sacrifice through faith in His blood, in order to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance He had passed over the sins committed beforehand.

Ephesians 5:2

and walk in love, just as Christ loved us and gave Himself up for us as a fragrant sacrificial offering to God.

Hebrews 10:10-14

And by that will, we have been sanctified through the sacrifice of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.

Day after day every priest stands to minister and to offer again and again the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. But when this Priest had offered for all time one sacrifice for sins, He sat down at the right hand of God. Since that time, He waits for His enemies to be made a footstool for His feet, because by a single offering He has made perfect for all time those who are being sanctified.

The sin offering would be buried in a rich man's tomb, not left among the wicked.

100+ years later
~600 BC

Mediator of a new covenant

A new covenant, not like the old, God's law written on hearts, sins remembered no more

Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt -a covenant they broke, though I was a husband to them,” declares the LORD. “But this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD. I will put My law in their minds and inscribe it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people. No longer will each man teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”

Jeremiah 31:31-34 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Matthew 26:28

This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.

Luke 22:20

In the same way, after supper He took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for you.

Hebrews 8:6-13

Now, however, Jesus has received a much more excellent ministry, just as the covenant He mediates is better and is founded on better promises. For if that first covenant had been without fault, no place would have been sought for a second. But God found fault with the people and said: “Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, because they did not abide by My covenant, and I disregarded them, declares the Lord. For this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord. I will put My laws in their minds and inscribe them on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people. No longer will each one teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”

By speaking of a new covenant, He has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and aging will soon disappear.

The new covenant promised by Jeremiah would be sealed not with animal blood but with the blood of the Servant.

~600 BC

A new covenant

Not like the covenant made with their fathers

Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt -a covenant they broke, though I was a husband to them,” declares the LORD. “But this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD. I will put My law in their minds and inscribe it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people. No longer will each man teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”

Jeremiah 31:31-34 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

Luke 22:20

In the same way, after supper He took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for you.

Hebrews 8:8-12

But God found fault with the people and said: “Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, because they did not abide by My covenant, and I disregarded them, declares the Lord. For this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord. I will put My laws in their minds and inscribe them on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people. No longer will each one teach his neighbor or his brother, saying, ‘Know the Lord,’ because they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest. For I will forgive their iniquities and will remember their sins no more.”

100+ years later
~520 BC

A fountain opened for sin

A fountain to cleanse from sin and uncleanness

“On that day a fountain will be opened to the house of David and the people of Jerusalem, to cleanse them from sin and impurity.

Zechariah 13:1 (BSB)

Fulfilled in the New Testament

1 John 1:7

But if we walk in the light as He is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus His Son cleanses us from all sin.

Revelation 1:5

and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth. To Him who loves us and has released us from our sins by His blood,

The Cumulative Portrait

The OT itself signals that the Mosaic system is preparatory, not final: animal sacrifices are declared insufficient by the OT's own psalmists and prophets, a human sacrifice (the Servant) will accomplish what animals could not, a new covenant replaces the old, 'not like' the Sinai covenant, internal transformation (Spirit-written law on the heart) replaces external law-keeping, and a permanent cleansing (an open fountain) replaces repeated annual rituals.

New Testament Fulfillment

At the Last Supper, itself a Passover meal, Jesus raised the Cup of Redemption and declared: 'This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.' He was inaugurating the new covenant of Jeremiah 31 at the very feast that commemorated the original deliverance from Egypt. The book of Hebrews systematically argues that Jesus' sacrifice fulfilled and superseded the Levitical system. And Pentecost fulfilled Joel's prophecy of the Spirit poured out on all flesh.